There is no requirement to quarantine pet dogs and cats being brought into Russia, as long as they hold the necessary vaccination documents. An import permit is not required. There are stricter regulations for birds and other animals.
Cats and dogs must have a valid international veterinary document (international pet passport) showing proof of vaccination within the last 12 months against rabies and feline/canine infectious diseases. Dogs and cats being brought in from the USA who have had a 3-year rabies vaccine more than 12 months before must be revaccinated, as the 3-year vaccine is not valid in Russia.
The veterinary documents must be either in English or must be translated into Russian and notarized.
There are a number of good veterinary clinics in Moscow, and pet food and supplies are widely available.
Friday, November 20, 2015
Russia - Retiring and Pension
Russia's adverse winter weather conditions and the relatively high cost and low standard of living mean that it is not generally regarded as an attractive retirement destination for expatriates.
Permanent residents are required to pay tax in Russia on their overseas income, at a rate of 13%.
Permanent residents are required to pay tax in Russia on their overseas income, at a rate of 13%.
Russia - Leisure, Entertainment and Sports
Russians are world-renowned for their sporting ability, and the country has produced many champions in the Olympics and other international sporting events. Sports which are especially popular in Russia include football, ice hockey and tennis.
There are many good sports and recreation facilities in Moscow, St Petersburg and other cities and towns. Within the expatriate communities there are a wide range of organized sports and leisure pursuits - in Moscow for example these include softball, rugby, running, hiking, hockey, cross-country skiing and ice-skating. Moscow and St Petersburg also have a wide range of expatriate clubs and associations covering non-sporting leisure pursuits and interests.
Moscow has an abundance of virtually all forms of culture and entertainment, including opera, theatre, museums, exhibitions, concerts, cinemas, bowling alleys, casinos, discos, nightclubs and bars. It is home to the world-famous Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Company, the Moscow Circus and a number of philharmonics, with regular evening performances. There are a wide choice of dining options in the city, including many American restaurants and fast-food eateries. A free entertainment guide ''Element'', is published in English and is widely available in stores and restaurants throughout the city.
Entertainment can also be found in the form of the many traditional festivals celebrated in Russia, usually characterized by much drinking of vodka. Easter and Christmas are celebrated with religious services and candlelight processions, and New Year with gift-giving. The main other traditional festivals in various parts of the country include St Petersburg's spring classical music festival, and White Nights festival at the end of June, and the Russian Winter Festival in Moscow, St Petersburg and Novgorod in late December/early January, marked by many traditional performances.
There are many good sports and recreation facilities in Moscow, St Petersburg and other cities and towns. Within the expatriate communities there are a wide range of organized sports and leisure pursuits - in Moscow for example these include softball, rugby, running, hiking, hockey, cross-country skiing and ice-skating. Moscow and St Petersburg also have a wide range of expatriate clubs and associations covering non-sporting leisure pursuits and interests.
Moscow has an abundance of virtually all forms of culture and entertainment, including opera, theatre, museums, exhibitions, concerts, cinemas, bowling alleys, casinos, discos, nightclubs and bars. It is home to the world-famous Bolshoi Opera and Ballet Company, the Moscow Circus and a number of philharmonics, with regular evening performances. There are a wide choice of dining options in the city, including many American restaurants and fast-food eateries. A free entertainment guide ''Element'', is published in English and is widely available in stores and restaurants throughout the city.
Entertainment can also be found in the form of the many traditional festivals celebrated in Russia, usually characterized by much drinking of vodka. Easter and Christmas are celebrated with religious services and candlelight processions, and New Year with gift-giving. The main other traditional festivals in various parts of the country include St Petersburg's spring classical music festival, and White Nights festival at the end of June, and the Russian Winter Festival in Moscow, St Petersburg and Novgorod in late December/early January, marked by many traditional performances.
Russia - Food and Drink
Food
Russian cuisine derives its rich and varied character from the vast and multicultural expanse of Russia. Its foundations were laid by the peasant food of the rural population in an often harsh climate, with a combination of plentiful fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. This wholly native food remained the staples for the vast majority of Russians well into the 20th century. Lying on the northern reaches of the ancient Silk Road, as well as Russia's close proximity to the Caucasus, Persia, and the Ottoman Empire has provided an inescapable Eastern character to its cooking methods (not so much in European Russia but distinguishable in the North Caucasus). Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times. Russian specialities include:
- Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings)
- Blini (crêpes)
- Black bread
- Borsch (red soup/beetroot soup)
- Piroshki (Meat or cabbage pie)
- Golubsti (Cabbage rolls)
- Ikra Baklazhanaya (aubergine caviar)
- Shi (cabbage soup)
- Vareniki (Ukrainian dumplings)
- Vinegret (beet and boiled vegetable salad)
- Olivier (potato salad)
- Shashlyk (various kebabs from the Caucasus republics of the former Soviet Union)
Both Saint Petersburg and Moscow offer sophisticated, world class dining and a wide variety of cuisines including Japanese, Tibetan and Italian. They are also excellent cities to sample some of the best cuisines of the former Soviet Union (e.g., Georgian and Uzbek). It is also possible to eat well and cheaply there without resorting to the many western fast food chains that have opened up. Russians have their own versions of fast food restaurants which range from cafeteria style serving comfort foods to streetside kiosks cooking up blinis or stuffed potatos. Although their menus may not be in English, it is fairly easy to point to what is wanted - or at a picture of it, not unlike at western fast food restaurants. A small Russian dictionary will be useful at non- touristy restaurants offering table service where staff members will not speak English and the menus will be entirely in Cyrillic, but prices very reasonable. Russian meat soups and meat pies are excellent.
It is better not to drink the tap water in Russia and to avoid using ice in drinks, however bottled water and Coca Cola is available everywhere food is served.
Stylish cafes serving cappuccino, expresso, toasted sandwiches, rich cakes and pastries are popping up all over Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Some do double duty as wine bars, others are also internet cafes.
Unlike Europe, cafes in Russia (кафе) do not serve only drinks, but also a full range of meals (typically cooked in advance--unlike restaurants where part or whole cooking cycle is performed after you make an order).
Drink
Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc), international soft-drinks (Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Fanta, etc), local soft drinks (Tarhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvas (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink). Beer in Russia is cheap and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale (warm) at any street vendor in the center of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the center) from about 13 Rubles (about 50 US cents) to 60 Rubles (about 2 US Dollars) Popular local brands are Baltika, Stary Melnik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tinkoff and many others.
Mixed alcoholic beverages as well as beers at nightclubs are extremely expensive and are served without ice, with the mix (for example, coke) and alcohol charged for separately. It is advisable to drink your heart out beforehand, as drinking in public is legal.
Wines from Georgia and Moldova are quite popular (although all products from Georgia are illegal 2005). In Moscow and Saint Petersburg, most restaurants have a selection of European wines--generally at a high price. Please note that Russians prefer sweet wine as opposed to dry. French Chablis is widely available at restaurants and is of good quality. The Chablis runs about 240 rubles per glass ($8 USD currently). All white wines are served room temperature unless you are at an international hotel that caters to Westerners.
Soviet champagne is also served everywhere in the former Soviet Union at a reasonable price, the quality is on the level of cheap European sparkling wines. If you specify that you want your champagne "sukhoe" (dry) or brut, the champagne is surprisingly drinkable and on the same level as a Vueve Clicquot.
Russian cuisine derives its rich and varied character from the vast and multicultural expanse of Russia. Its foundations were laid by the peasant food of the rural population in an often harsh climate, with a combination of plentiful fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. This wholly native food remained the staples for the vast majority of Russians well into the 20th century. Lying on the northern reaches of the ancient Silk Road, as well as Russia's close proximity to the Caucasus, Persia, and the Ottoman Empire has provided an inescapable Eastern character to its cooking methods (not so much in European Russia but distinguishable in the North Caucasus). Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times. Russian specialities include:
- Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings)
- Blini (crêpes)
- Black bread
- Borsch (red soup/beetroot soup)
- Piroshki (Meat or cabbage pie)
- Golubsti (Cabbage rolls)
- Ikra Baklazhanaya (aubergine caviar)
- Shi (cabbage soup)
- Vareniki (Ukrainian dumplings)
- Vinegret (beet and boiled vegetable salad)
- Olivier (potato salad)
- Shashlyk (various kebabs from the Caucasus republics of the former Soviet Union)
Both Saint Petersburg and Moscow offer sophisticated, world class dining and a wide variety of cuisines including Japanese, Tibetan and Italian. They are also excellent cities to sample some of the best cuisines of the former Soviet Union (e.g., Georgian and Uzbek). It is also possible to eat well and cheaply there without resorting to the many western fast food chains that have opened up. Russians have their own versions of fast food restaurants which range from cafeteria style serving comfort foods to streetside kiosks cooking up blinis or stuffed potatos. Although their menus may not be in English, it is fairly easy to point to what is wanted - or at a picture of it, not unlike at western fast food restaurants. A small Russian dictionary will be useful at non- touristy restaurants offering table service where staff members will not speak English and the menus will be entirely in Cyrillic, but prices very reasonable. Russian meat soups and meat pies are excellent.
It is better not to drink the tap water in Russia and to avoid using ice in drinks, however bottled water and Coca Cola is available everywhere food is served.
Stylish cafes serving cappuccino, expresso, toasted sandwiches, rich cakes and pastries are popping up all over Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Some do double duty as wine bars, others are also internet cafes.
Unlike Europe, cafes in Russia (кафе) do not serve only drinks, but also a full range of meals (typically cooked in advance--unlike restaurants where part or whole cooking cycle is performed after you make an order).
Drink
Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc), international soft-drinks (Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Fanta, etc), local soft drinks (Tarhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvas (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink). Beer in Russia is cheap and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale (warm) at any street vendor in the center of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the center) from about 13 Rubles (about 50 US cents) to 60 Rubles (about 2 US Dollars) Popular local brands are Baltika, Stary Melnik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tinkoff and many others.
Mixed alcoholic beverages as well as beers at nightclubs are extremely expensive and are served without ice, with the mix (for example, coke) and alcohol charged for separately. It is advisable to drink your heart out beforehand, as drinking in public is legal.
Wines from Georgia and Moldova are quite popular (although all products from Georgia are illegal 2005). In Moscow and Saint Petersburg, most restaurants have a selection of European wines--generally at a high price. Please note that Russians prefer sweet wine as opposed to dry. French Chablis is widely available at restaurants and is of good quality. The Chablis runs about 240 rubles per glass ($8 USD currently). All white wines are served room temperature unless you are at an international hotel that caters to Westerners.
Soviet champagne is also served everywhere in the former Soviet Union at a reasonable price, the quality is on the level of cheap European sparkling wines. If you specify that you want your champagne "sukhoe" (dry) or brut, the champagne is surprisingly drinkable and on the same level as a Vueve Clicquot.
Russia - Driving and Public Transportation
Foreign nationals visiting Russia as short-term visitors who wish to drive their own cars while in the country must hold an International Driving Permit and a national licence with an authorized translation. They must also carry their passport and visa at all times. They are required to submit details of their routes and planned stopovers when entering the country, to complete a customs form confirming that the car will be taken out of the country by a certain date, to purchase petrol vouchers at the border and to arrange Russian motor insurance. There are insurance officers at border crossings. A road tax is payable on entry to the country.
Road travel is only really possible within the European part of Russia, but even here roads outside the cities are poor and petrol stations few and far between in some areas. In Siberia and the rest of the country the few roads are unusable during winter.
Speed limits are 60 kmph in built up areas, 90 kmph in non built-up areas, and 100 kmph on highways. Driving is on the right-hand side of the road. It is against the law to sound the horn unless it is necessary to avoid an accident, and it is also illegal to carry unauthorized passengers or to drive under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Cars must have registration plates and stickers indicating the country of registration, and must by law be fitted with seat belts, a first-aid kid, fire extinguishers and emergency triangle.
Within Moscow the traffic congestion is very bad, and typical commutes within the city are around 1 hour. Driving standards are poor, the traffic laws are not well enforced and accidents are common. Most expats find there is no need to own a car as the public transport is cheap and reliable, although very crowded in rush hours. Some choose to employ their own drivers, or have drivers provided by their employers.
In Moscow the main forms of public transport are the metro, tramway and trolleybus. The Metro stations are renowned for their elegant and grand decor, and the Metro services are frequent and efficient. The buses and trolleys tend to be much slower and are usually overcrowded. There are many official taxis, and it is also common practice for people in Moscow to hail private drivers and negotiate a price for a lift.
Russia has a poor safety record for internal air travel, particularly since Aeroflot was disbanded into numerous small airlines. Regulation of the airways is still poor, but standards are gradually improving. Since the airlines are required to meet higher standards for international flights, it is advisable to travel within Russia on a flight which ultimately has a foreign destination. Moscow is the main hub for internal air travel hub, with flight routes between its four airports and all other main cities.
Within European Russia there is an extensive and fairly efficient rail network which reaches virtually all settlements. Although the network is predominantly used for freight transport, there are passenger services with relatively cheap fares, sleeper facilities and reasonably comfortable accommodation. The Trans-Siberian Express runs daily from St Petersburg, across Russia to Vladivostok in Siberia, with onward steamer services to Japan once a week. The Trans-Manchurian Express from St Petersburg to Beijing runs on the same initial route before turning southeast into China, while the Trans-Mongolian Railway runs between Moscow and Beijing via Mongolia. There are also long-distance bus and coach services between the main towns.
It is also possible to travel within Russia by river. Passenger boat services operate regularly between Moscow and St Petersburg, and between Moscow and various settlements on the Volga and Don Rivers.
Road travel is only really possible within the European part of Russia, but even here roads outside the cities are poor and petrol stations few and far between in some areas. In Siberia and the rest of the country the few roads are unusable during winter.
Speed limits are 60 kmph in built up areas, 90 kmph in non built-up areas, and 100 kmph on highways. Driving is on the right-hand side of the road. It is against the law to sound the horn unless it is necessary to avoid an accident, and it is also illegal to carry unauthorized passengers or to drive under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Cars must have registration plates and stickers indicating the country of registration, and must by law be fitted with seat belts, a first-aid kid, fire extinguishers and emergency triangle.
Within Moscow the traffic congestion is very bad, and typical commutes within the city are around 1 hour. Driving standards are poor, the traffic laws are not well enforced and accidents are common. Most expats find there is no need to own a car as the public transport is cheap and reliable, although very crowded in rush hours. Some choose to employ their own drivers, or have drivers provided by their employers.
In Moscow the main forms of public transport are the metro, tramway and trolleybus. The Metro stations are renowned for their elegant and grand decor, and the Metro services are frequent and efficient. The buses and trolleys tend to be much slower and are usually overcrowded. There are many official taxis, and it is also common practice for people in Moscow to hail private drivers and negotiate a price for a lift.
Russia has a poor safety record for internal air travel, particularly since Aeroflot was disbanded into numerous small airlines. Regulation of the airways is still poor, but standards are gradually improving. Since the airlines are required to meet higher standards for international flights, it is advisable to travel within Russia on a flight which ultimately has a foreign destination. Moscow is the main hub for internal air travel hub, with flight routes between its four airports and all other main cities.
Within European Russia there is an extensive and fairly efficient rail network which reaches virtually all settlements. Although the network is predominantly used for freight transport, there are passenger services with relatively cheap fares, sleeper facilities and reasonably comfortable accommodation. The Trans-Siberian Express runs daily from St Petersburg, across Russia to Vladivostok in Siberia, with onward steamer services to Japan once a week. The Trans-Manchurian Express from St Petersburg to Beijing runs on the same initial route before turning southeast into China, while the Trans-Mongolian Railway runs between Moscow and Beijing via Mongolia. There are also long-distance bus and coach services between the main towns.
It is also possible to travel within Russia by river. Passenger boat services operate regularly between Moscow and St Petersburg, and between Moscow and various settlements on the Volga and Don Rivers.
Russia - Communications (Telephone, Post, Internet, TV, Radio)
Russia's telephone system is adequate, and nearly every house and apartment has a fixed line already installed, which can be easily transferred into a new tenant's name. Local calls are free but a per-minute charging system is planned for the future. It is not possible to make long distance calls from all phones.
Russia has three main mobile phone network providers: MTS, BeeLine, and Megafon, offering similar services and coverage. Most of the country has mobile phone coverage, except for some very remote areas. Russia also has roaming agreements with many international network providers.
There are also three satellite phone services covering all parts of the country.
The postal system in Russia is very poor and extremely slow. It is common for items to go astray. Delivery of airmail to Western European countries reportedly takes several weeks, while inland mail delivery is also slow and unreliable. Many expatriates rent a PO Box in Helsinki, and have their post forwarded from to Moscow or St Petersburg, as this is faster. Post offices are usually open between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. on weekdays.
There are a large number of internet providers but the quality of service varies, and connections are slow and unreliable compared with other countries. Major providers include Cityline, Matrix, and Russia Online. Broadband and cable internet access are available. Typical internet charges are the equivalent of around US$30-$50 per month.
Russia has a large broadcasting market, with a combination of state-owned and commercial TV and radio stations. Following earlier liberalization, the state has recently taken back greater control over the national networks. Cable and satellite TV are available, with a range of English language channels including BBC, CNN, Cartoon Network, Discovery Channel. In 2005 a new state-funded English-language satellite channel was launched by the Kremlin, Russia Today, which presents world news from a 'Russian perspective.'. On the radio, the 'Voice of Russia' broadcasts regularly in English.
Russia has three main mobile phone network providers: MTS, BeeLine, and Megafon, offering similar services and coverage. Most of the country has mobile phone coverage, except for some very remote areas. Russia also has roaming agreements with many international network providers.
There are also three satellite phone services covering all parts of the country.
The postal system in Russia is very poor and extremely slow. It is common for items to go astray. Delivery of airmail to Western European countries reportedly takes several weeks, while inland mail delivery is also slow and unreliable. Many expatriates rent a PO Box in Helsinki, and have their post forwarded from to Moscow or St Petersburg, as this is faster. Post offices are usually open between 9 a.m. and 7 p.m. on weekdays.
There are a large number of internet providers but the quality of service varies, and connections are slow and unreliable compared with other countries. Major providers include Cityline, Matrix, and Russia Online. Broadband and cable internet access are available. Typical internet charges are the equivalent of around US$30-$50 per month.
Russia has a large broadcasting market, with a combination of state-owned and commercial TV and radio stations. Following earlier liberalization, the state has recently taken back greater control over the national networks. Cable and satellite TV are available, with a range of English language channels including BBC, CNN, Cartoon Network, Discovery Channel. In 2005 a new state-funded English-language satellite channel was launched by the Kremlin, Russia Today, which presents world news from a 'Russian perspective.'. On the radio, the 'Voice of Russia' broadcasts regularly in English.
Russia - Utilities (Electricity, Gas, Water)
220V 50HzHz
European plug with two circular metal pins
Utilities bills are very low in Russia. Expatriates report total bills for building maintenance, electricity, gas, water and telephone services of around US$40 per month.
In apartment blocks centralized heating is provided between autumn and spring for a small monthly fee. There are no apartment thermostats, temperature control is by opening and closing windows. It may be necessary to purchase a heater for winter, as it is unpredictable when the centralized heating will be turned on.
It is normal practice for water supplies to be turned off for a few weeks in the daytime in summer for maintenance.
European plug with two circular metal pins
Utilities bills are very low in Russia. Expatriates report total bills for building maintenance, electricity, gas, water and telephone services of around US$40 per month.
In apartment blocks centralized heating is provided between autumn and spring for a small monthly fee. There are no apartment thermostats, temperature control is by opening and closing windows. It may be necessary to purchase a heater for winter, as it is unpredictable when the centralized heating will be turned on.
It is normal practice for water supplies to be turned off for a few weeks in the daytime in summer for maintenance.
Russia - Education and Schools
The majority of expatriates send their children to the international schools, although some send their children to Russian schools. Russian educational standards are high, but all teaching is in Russian.
In Moscow the most popular international schools include the Anglo-American School, Hinkston Christian Academy and the British International School. There are also a number of schools catering to the children of particular nationalities, including German, Japanese and Italian schools.
There is a British American School in St Petersburg, which is used by most western expatriate families living there.
Most international schools in Russia are based on the North American educational system, modified to incorporate elements of the British curriculum. Students usually study for the International Baccalaureate.
English language pre-schools are also available, some attached to the international schools.
In Moscow the most popular international schools include the Anglo-American School, Hinkston Christian Academy and the British International School. There are also a number of schools catering to the children of particular nationalities, including German, Japanese and Italian schools.
There is a British American School in St Petersburg, which is used by most western expatriate families living there.
Most international schools in Russia are based on the North American educational system, modified to incorporate elements of the British curriculum. Students usually study for the International Baccalaureate.
English language pre-schools are also available, some attached to the international schools.
Russia - Buying Property
Although few expatriates buy residential homes in Russia, there are no restrictions on the purchase of property by foreigners. Property in Russia currently represents a good investment as house prices are rising rapidly and there are currently many properties for sale. Prices in Moscow trebled between 2002 and 2005, although the rate of increase has recently slowed a little.
In Moscow prices for the types of apartments and houses bought by foreigners range from around US$150,000 to US$500,000. Properties can be rented out for a return of around 9-11%, plus capital growth. The mortgage market is only just opening up, and is expected to boost house prices even further.
Much cheaper properties can be bought outside Moscow, including St Petersburg. It is possible to buy a house in a country village for little more than $1,000.
In Russia property transaction costs such as registration of the contract are usually covered by the buyer, but these rarely exceed US5,000. In addition, property agents normally charge the buyer 2-4% of the purchase price. Non-residents are required to pay a tax of 30% of the sale price on selling the property.
In Moscow prices for the types of apartments and houses bought by foreigners range from around US$150,000 to US$500,000. Properties can be rented out for a return of around 9-11%, plus capital growth. The mortgage market is only just opening up, and is expected to boost house prices even further.
Much cheaper properties can be bought outside Moscow, including St Petersburg. It is possible to buy a house in a country village for little more than $1,000.
In Russia property transaction costs such as registration of the contract are usually covered by the buyer, but these rarely exceed US5,000. In addition, property agents normally charge the buyer 2-4% of the purchase price. Non-residents are required to pay a tax of 30% of the sale price on selling the property.
Russia - Renting Property
Nearly all the expatriates living and working in Russia are on temporary contracts and therefore rent their residential property.
There is an abundance of properties available to rent in Russia, and many property agents, some with websites on which you can view available apartments and houses. Agents typically charge at least a month's rent as the fee for securing a property through them. It is best to have an English-speaking agent recommended to you as unscrupulous practices are not uncommon. Be aware that agents often pose as private sellers in classified advertisements, and wary of agents who offer to sell you a list of private landlord phone numbers.
Many expatriates live in apartments or townhouses in gated or guarded compounds or apartment buildings, which range from 1 to 5 bedrooms. Rooms are typically quite small, but the lower level apartments often have access to a shared garden.
It is also possible to rent houses and apartments in the centre and on the outskirts of the city. Some rental properties are in very nice historical buildings, or are Western-style homes formerly used as summer homes or large houses with gardens in 'dacha' or country house communities outside the city.
It is reported that rental on a two room 'Western style' apartment is around US$1,700 to US$3,000 per month, depending on the standard of renovation and area of the city.
The south-west, west, and part of the north-west areas of Moscow are the most prestigious (near the orange and red Metro line), where the highest quality rental accommodation can be found. Given the size of the city, it is quite usual to have to commute at least an hour to work wherever you choose to live.
The cheapest areas of the city are to the south-east and east. A "Russian renovated apartment" in these areas will cost considerably less but is likely to be quite drab and old-fashioned, and may be in a poor state of repair. However, for those on a very tight budget it is possible to rent Russian-style apartments in these areas for around $200 per month or less. Generally, you can expect to pay at least $800 per month for a reasonable standard of accommodation in Moscow.
In St Petersburg and other cities it is preferable to rent accommodation in or near the city centre, as the suburbs do not offer much accommodation of a standard acceptable to western tastes.
The minimum rental period is normally six months, and you will often be expected to pay your rent in cash. It is important to ensure that the rental contract is in Russian and English, otherwise it will not be legally enforceable. You should also check that there are legal documents confirming that the landlord is the legal owner - if you use a property agency they should do this on your behalf.
There is an abundance of properties available to rent in Russia, and many property agents, some with websites on which you can view available apartments and houses. Agents typically charge at least a month's rent as the fee for securing a property through them. It is best to have an English-speaking agent recommended to you as unscrupulous practices are not uncommon. Be aware that agents often pose as private sellers in classified advertisements, and wary of agents who offer to sell you a list of private landlord phone numbers.
Many expatriates live in apartments or townhouses in gated or guarded compounds or apartment buildings, which range from 1 to 5 bedrooms. Rooms are typically quite small, but the lower level apartments often have access to a shared garden.
It is also possible to rent houses and apartments in the centre and on the outskirts of the city. Some rental properties are in very nice historical buildings, or are Western-style homes formerly used as summer homes or large houses with gardens in 'dacha' or country house communities outside the city.
It is reported that rental on a two room 'Western style' apartment is around US$1,700 to US$3,000 per month, depending on the standard of renovation and area of the city.
The south-west, west, and part of the north-west areas of Moscow are the most prestigious (near the orange and red Metro line), where the highest quality rental accommodation can be found. Given the size of the city, it is quite usual to have to commute at least an hour to work wherever you choose to live.
The cheapest areas of the city are to the south-east and east. A "Russian renovated apartment" in these areas will cost considerably less but is likely to be quite drab and old-fashioned, and may be in a poor state of repair. However, for those on a very tight budget it is possible to rent Russian-style apartments in these areas for around $200 per month or less. Generally, you can expect to pay at least $800 per month for a reasonable standard of accommodation in Moscow.
In St Petersburg and other cities it is preferable to rent accommodation in or near the city centre, as the suburbs do not offer much accommodation of a standard acceptable to western tastes.
The minimum rental period is normally six months, and you will often be expected to pay your rent in cash. It is important to ensure that the rental contract is in Russian and English, otherwise it will not be legally enforceable. You should also check that there are legal documents confirming that the landlord is the legal owner - if you use a property agency they should do this on your behalf.
Russia - Employment
Most expatriates working in Russia are employed by diplomatic missions or foreign companies based there, or are teachers employed by English language schools.
There are relatively few jobs available for foreign workers on the local economy, and it will be necessary to speak Russian if you wish to work for a local employer.
English is in great demand here, and there are always jobs for qualified English teachers with the many language schools. Many just offer part-time jobs, and they don't pay particularly well, so teachers often work for several different schools at the same time. Some come to work at these schools initially and then set up in business themselves.
English teaching jobs are advertised online, and in the Moscow Times, an English language newspaper.
If accepting a job in Russia it is important to note that all contracts must be in both Russian and English to be enforceable in a Russian court.
There are relatively few jobs available for foreign workers on the local economy, and it will be necessary to speak Russian if you wish to work for a local employer.
English is in great demand here, and there are always jobs for qualified English teachers with the many language schools. Many just offer part-time jobs, and they don't pay particularly well, so teachers often work for several different schools at the same time. Some come to work at these schools initially and then set up in business themselves.
English teaching jobs are advertised online, and in the Moscow Times, an English language newspaper.
If accepting a job in Russia it is important to note that all contracts must be in both Russian and English to be enforceable in a Russian court.
Russia - Social Security
Russia has a basic social security and social welfare system which administers pensions and provides benefits to the most vulnerable of its citizens. The system is currently inadequate to meet the needs of the population.
Foreign nationals living in Russia are not eligible to receive social security benefits.
Foreign nationals living in Russia are not eligible to receive social security benefits.
Russia - Healthcare and Medical Treatment
The main reported health risks in Russia are from Poliomyelitis, Dysentery, Hepatitis A, Diphtheria, Tick-borne Typhus, Encephalitis and Lyme disease (in forested areas), Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Meningitis, and Rabies.
It is unusual for expatriates to contract any of these diseases, and most encounter no significant health problems as a result of living in Russia, but it is important to have the recommended immunizations and to take appropriate health precautions. Expatriates are often afflicted with depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in winter.
The tap water is not safe for drinking and should be boiled to avoid gastrointestinal infections. Bottled water is widely available.
Dairy products are safe, but meat and fish should be well cooked, fruit should be peeled and vegetables cooked.
Russians citizens receive free health care in public clinics and hospitals, and under a reciprocal health agreement between Russia and the UK, British citizens are also eligible for free treatment in Russian hospitals The standard of care in these facilities is reportedly lower than that in western countries, and is very basic in some parts of the country.
All foreign citizens who are living and working in Russia are required to have private medical insurance - this is a prerequisite of being issued a visa. Private western-style health care is quite expensive and it is usually necessary to pay for treatment up front. Typically, a single consultation costs around US$120. There are good private clinics in Moscow and St Petersburg, with western-trained doctors. There is also an American dental clinic in Moscow. Expatriates requiring specialist medical treatment often fly to Helsinki or return to their home countries.
It is unusual for expatriates to contract any of these diseases, and most encounter no significant health problems as a result of living in Russia, but it is important to have the recommended immunizations and to take appropriate health precautions. Expatriates are often afflicted with depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in winter.
The tap water is not safe for drinking and should be boiled to avoid gastrointestinal infections. Bottled water is widely available.
Dairy products are safe, but meat and fish should be well cooked, fruit should be peeled and vegetables cooked.
Russians citizens receive free health care in public clinics and hospitals, and under a reciprocal health agreement between Russia and the UK, British citizens are also eligible for free treatment in Russian hospitals The standard of care in these facilities is reportedly lower than that in western countries, and is very basic in some parts of the country.
All foreign citizens who are living and working in Russia are required to have private medical insurance - this is a prerequisite of being issued a visa. Private western-style health care is quite expensive and it is usually necessary to pay for treatment up front. Typically, a single consultation costs around US$120. There are good private clinics in Moscow and St Petersburg, with western-trained doctors. There is also an American dental clinic in Moscow. Expatriates requiring specialist medical treatment often fly to Helsinki or return to their home countries.
Russia - Business Culture
Russian business is generally transactional in nature: there is no need to spend a long time building up personal relationships, but you will still need to demonstrate your personal sincerity and capabilities. Organizations are hierarchical, with decision-making concentrated at a senior level, but work practices are based on teamwork.
You should make appointments in advance and confirm them by fax or email. Normal business hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays.
Many Russians speak English, but you should arrange for an interpreter if necessary, and have your materials and business card translated.
You should be punctual for your meeting, but be prepared for the Russians to arrive late or reschedule. Normal business attire is conservative, consisting of dark business suits. The usual form of greeting is a very firm handshake; while close contacts or friends often embrace. Business cards are always exchanged.
Titles are important in Russia: people should be addressed by their official or professional titles if known, or as "gaspodin" (Mr) or "gaspazhah" ("Mrs." or "Miss") with their family name.
Meetings begin with small talk, including discussion about family or other personal matters. Initial meetings are often just for the purpose of getting to know you and your company. Negotiations are frequently conducted over dinner or drinks but will be finalized in a formal meeting.
Presentations should be thorough, with full background information and lots of data and supporting evidence. Avoid high-tech or flashy presentations or hard-sell tactics. The most important thing is to convey your capability and expertise.
Russians are tough negotiators, and will aim to secure concessions. Discussions are lively and negotiation styles are often theatrical, including emotional outbursts. You should remain courteous and firm, and be sure to ask for reciprocal favours if you make concessions. Avoid praising an individual, as this will be viewed with suspicion.
Russians place great importance on putting everything in writing, and you are likely to be asked to sign a record of the meeting, as well as any formal contracts or agreements. It is not unusual for Russians to renegotiate a contract.
It is normal practice to give gifts in Russian business; suitable gifts include a quality souvenir from your home country or something with your company logo.
You should make appointments in advance and confirm them by fax or email. Normal business hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Mondays to Fridays.
Many Russians speak English, but you should arrange for an interpreter if necessary, and have your materials and business card translated.
You should be punctual for your meeting, but be prepared for the Russians to arrive late or reschedule. Normal business attire is conservative, consisting of dark business suits. The usual form of greeting is a very firm handshake; while close contacts or friends often embrace. Business cards are always exchanged.
Titles are important in Russia: people should be addressed by their official or professional titles if known, or as "gaspodin" (Mr) or "gaspazhah" ("Mrs." or "Miss") with their family name.
Meetings begin with small talk, including discussion about family or other personal matters. Initial meetings are often just for the purpose of getting to know you and your company. Negotiations are frequently conducted over dinner or drinks but will be finalized in a formal meeting.
Presentations should be thorough, with full background information and lots of data and supporting evidence. Avoid high-tech or flashy presentations or hard-sell tactics. The most important thing is to convey your capability and expertise.
Russians are tough negotiators, and will aim to secure concessions. Discussions are lively and negotiation styles are often theatrical, including emotional outbursts. You should remain courteous and firm, and be sure to ask for reciprocal favours if you make concessions. Avoid praising an individual, as this will be viewed with suspicion.
Russians place great importance on putting everything in writing, and you are likely to be asked to sign a record of the meeting, as well as any formal contracts or agreements. It is not unusual for Russians to renegotiate a contract.
It is normal practice to give gifts in Russian business; suitable gifts include a quality souvenir from your home country or something with your company logo.
Russia - Insurance
Health insurance abroad is essential for any expat. In addition to expat healthcare insurance rates, insurance providers or online insurance comparison sites can provide life assurance quotes and auto insurance rates to provide you with overseas coverage. However, remember that cheap insurance may not represent the best value for money if you need to make a claim - as an expat you may require specialist expatriate insurance cover abroad.
Anyone going to live and work in Russia is required to have medical insurance; this is a prerequisite of being issued with an entry visa.
You will require motor insurance issued by a Russian insurance company if you plan to drive while in Russia.
Anyone going to live and work in Russia is required to have medical insurance; this is a prerequisite of being issued with an entry visa.
You will require motor insurance issued by a Russian insurance company if you plan to drive while in Russia.
Russia - Taxation
Personal income tax in Russia is currently payable at a flat rate of 13% for residents, defined as anyone living in Russia for at least 183 days in any calendar tax year, and 30% for non-residents. All employees and self-employed people are liable for tax.
Permanent residents are required to pay tax on their earnings in Russia and overseas, while non-residents working in Russia only have to pay tax on their income earned in Russia.
Russian companies are required by law to deduct employee tax direct from salaries, but foreign companies are exempt from this requirement, and their employees may have to file their own tax returns and make payments. The self-employed have to make advance tax payments several times each year, which are adjusted on the basis of their tax returns.
Tax declaration forms can be downloaded from the website of the Moscow Tax Inspectorate, and are also available at the offices of the Inspectorate. All foreign nationals working in Russia should submit a copy of their passport with their tax return, as well as a completed 2-NDFL form with details of their income in Russia. There is no legal requirement to provide evidence of overseas earnings, but officials may ask for these.
Corporate tax is payable at a flat rate of 24%.
Capital Gains tax for individuals is set at the same rate as personal income tax: 13% for residents and 30% for non-residents. If real estate or other assets are sold after ownership of 3 years or more, the profits are tax-exempt.
Permanent residents are required to pay tax on their earnings in Russia and overseas, while non-residents working in Russia only have to pay tax on their income earned in Russia.
Russian companies are required by law to deduct employee tax direct from salaries, but foreign companies are exempt from this requirement, and their employees may have to file their own tax returns and make payments. The self-employed have to make advance tax payments several times each year, which are adjusted on the basis of their tax returns.
Tax declaration forms can be downloaded from the website of the Moscow Tax Inspectorate, and are also available at the offices of the Inspectorate. All foreign nationals working in Russia should submit a copy of their passport with their tax return, as well as a completed 2-NDFL form with details of their income in Russia. There is no legal requirement to provide evidence of overseas earnings, but officials may ask for these.
Corporate tax is payable at a flat rate of 24%.
Capital Gains tax for individuals is set at the same rate as personal income tax: 13% for residents and 30% for non-residents. If real estate or other assets are sold after ownership of 3 years or more, the profits are tax-exempt.
Russia - Banking
Russia does not currently have an efficient banking system. The financial sector suffered heavily as a result of the 1998 financial crisis, when numerous depositors lost their savings, and many banks did not survive. A number of the major banks have allegedly been involved in money laundering scandals, further reducing confidence in the banking sector.
Although the sector is now experiencing strong growth, it still remains relatively small, disjointed and poor regulated. There are a very large number of banks throughout the country, but a low level of assets in the sector. It is commonplace for people to have local salaries paid in cash, and not to use the services of banks.
There are a number of foreign banks with branches in Moscow and St Petersburg and most foreign business and employees use these for their local banking needs. However, there are very few foreign banks outside these two cities. Expatriate workers are likely to be asked to provide a copy of their employment contract when opening an account.
There are ATM facilities throughout the towns and cities, and a number of banks are now offering internet banking.
Banking hours are normally from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays.
Although the sector is now experiencing strong growth, it still remains relatively small, disjointed and poor regulated. There are a very large number of banks throughout the country, but a low level of assets in the sector. It is commonplace for people to have local salaries paid in cash, and not to use the services of banks.
There are a number of foreign banks with branches in Moscow and St Petersburg and most foreign business and employees use these for their local banking needs. However, there are very few foreign banks outside these two cities. Expatriate workers are likely to be asked to provide a copy of their employment contract when opening an account.
There are ATM facilities throughout the towns and cities, and a number of banks are now offering internet banking.
Banking hours are normally from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays.
Russia - Currency and Cost of Living
The Russian currency is the Ruble (RUB), made up of 100 kopeks.
Banknotes come in denominations of RUB 1000, 500, 100, 50 and 10, while coins come in denominations of RUB 10, 5, 2 and 1, and 50, 10, 5 and 1 kopeks.
As at May 2006, 10 Russian Rubles were equivalent to US$0.37, EUR0.29 and GBP0.20.
The cost of living is high in Russia, and a number of surveys have identified Moscow as being Europe's most expensive city. Even in remote cities such as Vladivostok, the cost of living is among the highest in Russia.
However, it is possible to live cheaply in Russia depending on your lifestyle - many local people survive on salaries below US$300 per month in Moscow. Housing is expensive, but local groceries, public transport costs, petrol, books and some other items are relatively cheap.
Typical costs (in US$) include:
Meal in high quality restaurant up to $100 per person
Loaf of bread $0.35
Litre of milk $0.80
10 eggs $0.65
Kilo of potatoes $0.50
1 fresh chicken $2.50
Bottle of vodka $2.80
Metro pass - $0.35
Cinema ticket $10.00
Banknotes come in denominations of RUB 1000, 500, 100, 50 and 10, while coins come in denominations of RUB 10, 5, 2 and 1, and 50, 10, 5 and 1 kopeks.
As at May 2006, 10 Russian Rubles were equivalent to US$0.37, EUR0.29 and GBP0.20.
The cost of living is high in Russia, and a number of surveys have identified Moscow as being Europe's most expensive city. Even in remote cities such as Vladivostok, the cost of living is among the highest in Russia.
However, it is possible to live cheaply in Russia depending on your lifestyle - many local people survive on salaries below US$300 per month in Moscow. Housing is expensive, but local groceries, public transport costs, petrol, books and some other items are relatively cheap.
Typical costs (in US$) include:
Meal in high quality restaurant up to $100 per person
Loaf of bread $0.35
Litre of milk $0.80
10 eggs $0.65
Kilo of potatoes $0.50
1 fresh chicken $2.50
Bottle of vodka $2.80
Metro pass - $0.35
Cinema ticket $10.00
Russia - Visas, Residency, Immigration & Documentation
Russian immigration regulations are subject to frequent changes, and it is reported that there are often inconsistencies in the application of immigration law. It is important to obtain up to date guidance from the Russian embassy or consulate in your home country when planning to visit Russia or to accept an offer of employment there.
Entry visas
All foreign nationals entering Russia require must hold an entry visa and a valid 10-year passport. In order to obtain an entry visa it is first necessary to secure a letter of invitation from the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation. This is issued on application to the Ministry by the company, individual or travel agency in Russia that is sponsoring your visit. Various on-line agencies can arrange this on behalf of short-term visitors. It normally takes 2-3 weeks for the consulate to issue a visa, and the current fee is US$100, with higher fees payable for faster processing. An exit visa is normally included with the entry visa. If you only require an entry visa you will be required to submit an HIV test certificate. Once in Russia, you are required by law to carry identification in the form of your passport and visa, or copies of them, at all times.
People who are visiting Russia for short-term business purposes, for example to attend meetings, should apply for a Business Visa, which can issued on a single entry, double entry (valid for three months) or multiple entry (valid for one year) basis.
People who are going to work for a Russian company or a foreign company based in Russia must obtain a work permit and a work visa.
Expatriate residence statuses
Under Russian Immigration Law there are three expatriate residence statuses, as follows:
1. Temporarily Located - this applies to most expatriates, who are working and living in Russia for a specified length of time. People in this category require a work permit and work visa.
2. Temporary Resident - Holders of three-year temporary residence permits, who intend to settle in Russia permanently. People in this category require a visa to enter Russia but do not require a work permit to take employment there. There are restrictions on their movement within Russia unless permission is obtained. After three years they must apply for a permanent residency permit or leave the country. Temporary residence permits are normally only issued to people born in the USSR, those who have a close family connection to Russia or is married to a Russian citizen or permanent resident, or who are investing a significant sum of money in the country.
3. Permanent Residents - Permanent residency permits are issued to people who have held a temporary residence permit for at least one year, and own a permanent home in Russia. People in this category do not require an entry visa or work permit. Permits are issued for five years and are renewable.
Work Permits and Work Visas
The majority of expatriates who wish to work in Russia must obtain a work permit via the employer offering them a post there, although it is possible to apply as an individual for an entry visa in order to seek employment in Russia. Certain small categories of foreign workers including diplomatic personnel and people employed by international organizations are not required to obtain work permits. The procedure for obtaining visas and work permits can be difficult and time-consuming, typically taking up several months from start to finish.
In order to recruit a foreign worker, Russian employers must be registered with the Ministry of Ethnic and Migration Policy, and are required to apply direct to the regional office of this Department for the work permit, including copies of the employee's passport and visa; HIV test certificate; employment contract; and the employer's tax registration certificate and statutory incorporation documents.
Foreign companies based in Russia must obtain accredited status to recruit a specific number of foreign employees. These employees are not required to obtain a personal work permit from the Ministry of Ethnic and Migration Policy for the duration of their employment with the accredited company, but are still required to obtain a business visa to enter Russia. The regulations also allow for personal accreditation of the immediate family members of the foreign employees.
Important official documents such as birth, marriage and qualification certificates which are submitted in support of visa and work permit applications must be the originals, which should be notarized by a licensed notary, and contain an Apostille (an international recognized notary seal). All documents will have to be translated into Russian and notarized by a Russian notary once submitted.
Registration and Medical Tests
Within three days of arrival in Russia all foreign employees of Russian companies or foreign companies based in Russia are required by law to register at the police station in their area of residence. If they subsequently move to a different area they are required to register within three days of arrival at the new location.
Anyone planning to stay in Russia for three months or more is required to undergo medical tests including an AIDS/HIV, TB, VD and drugs tests. The results have to be taken to the police station where they are registered.
Entry visas
All foreign nationals entering Russia require must hold an entry visa and a valid 10-year passport. In order to obtain an entry visa it is first necessary to secure a letter of invitation from the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federation. This is issued on application to the Ministry by the company, individual or travel agency in Russia that is sponsoring your visit. Various on-line agencies can arrange this on behalf of short-term visitors. It normally takes 2-3 weeks for the consulate to issue a visa, and the current fee is US$100, with higher fees payable for faster processing. An exit visa is normally included with the entry visa. If you only require an entry visa you will be required to submit an HIV test certificate. Once in Russia, you are required by law to carry identification in the form of your passport and visa, or copies of them, at all times.
People who are visiting Russia for short-term business purposes, for example to attend meetings, should apply for a Business Visa, which can issued on a single entry, double entry (valid for three months) or multiple entry (valid for one year) basis.
People who are going to work for a Russian company or a foreign company based in Russia must obtain a work permit and a work visa.
Expatriate residence statuses
Under Russian Immigration Law there are three expatriate residence statuses, as follows:
1. Temporarily Located - this applies to most expatriates, who are working and living in Russia for a specified length of time. People in this category require a work permit and work visa.
2. Temporary Resident - Holders of three-year temporary residence permits, who intend to settle in Russia permanently. People in this category require a visa to enter Russia but do not require a work permit to take employment there. There are restrictions on their movement within Russia unless permission is obtained. After three years they must apply for a permanent residency permit or leave the country. Temporary residence permits are normally only issued to people born in the USSR, those who have a close family connection to Russia or is married to a Russian citizen or permanent resident, or who are investing a significant sum of money in the country.
3. Permanent Residents - Permanent residency permits are issued to people who have held a temporary residence permit for at least one year, and own a permanent home in Russia. People in this category do not require an entry visa or work permit. Permits are issued for five years and are renewable.
Work Permits and Work Visas
The majority of expatriates who wish to work in Russia must obtain a work permit via the employer offering them a post there, although it is possible to apply as an individual for an entry visa in order to seek employment in Russia. Certain small categories of foreign workers including diplomatic personnel and people employed by international organizations are not required to obtain work permits. The procedure for obtaining visas and work permits can be difficult and time-consuming, typically taking up several months from start to finish.
In order to recruit a foreign worker, Russian employers must be registered with the Ministry of Ethnic and Migration Policy, and are required to apply direct to the regional office of this Department for the work permit, including copies of the employee's passport and visa; HIV test certificate; employment contract; and the employer's tax registration certificate and statutory incorporation documents.
Foreign companies based in Russia must obtain accredited status to recruit a specific number of foreign employees. These employees are not required to obtain a personal work permit from the Ministry of Ethnic and Migration Policy for the duration of their employment with the accredited company, but are still required to obtain a business visa to enter Russia. The regulations also allow for personal accreditation of the immediate family members of the foreign employees.
Important official documents such as birth, marriage and qualification certificates which are submitted in support of visa and work permit applications must be the originals, which should be notarized by a licensed notary, and contain an Apostille (an international recognized notary seal). All documents will have to be translated into Russian and notarized by a Russian notary once submitted.
Registration and Medical Tests
Within three days of arrival in Russia all foreign employees of Russian companies or foreign companies based in Russia are required by law to register at the police station in their area of residence. If they subsequently move to a different area they are required to register within three days of arrival at the new location.
Anyone planning to stay in Russia for three months or more is required to undergo medical tests including an AIDS/HIV, TB, VD and drugs tests. The results have to be taken to the police station where they are registered.
Russia - Speaking the Language
It is advisable to learn at least a little Russian if you are going to live in Russia, although many expatriates manage to survive without any command of the language. Relatively few Russians speak English, especially the older generation. Road signs, public transport signs and many restaurant menus etc. are only in Russian.
There are many Russian language schools in Moscow and St Petersburg, and Moscow State University also runs language courses.
There are many Russian language schools in Moscow and St Petersburg, and Moscow State University also runs language courses.
Russia - Getting There
Moscow has four main airports handling both domestic and international traffic. The main international airport is Sheremetyevo-2, to the west of the city, although the more up to date Domodedovo airport is increasing its share of international flights.
There are direct connecting flights between Moscow and all main European capitals, many Asian cities and New York. There are also direct air routes between St Petersburg and many cities throughout Europe. Average flight times between London and Moscow/St Petersburg are around 3 and a half hours, and between New York and Moscow around 8 hours.
There are also regular rail services to Russia's main western cities from Helsinki, Warsaw, Prague, Berlin and Budapest, with connections to Paris, London and other cities. There are a number of ferry routes between Russia and Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany and Turkey.
If foreigners wish to drive their own vehicle into Russia, it is necessary to obtain from customs a temporary permit to drive in Russia, and to purchase Russian insurance - there are insurance offices at most crossing points. There is a road tax payable on entry to the country.
There are direct connecting flights between Moscow and all main European capitals, many Asian cities and New York. There are also direct air routes between St Petersburg and many cities throughout Europe. Average flight times between London and Moscow/St Petersburg are around 3 and a half hours, and between New York and Moscow around 8 hours.
There are also regular rail services to Russia's main western cities from Helsinki, Warsaw, Prague, Berlin and Budapest, with connections to Paris, London and other cities. There are a number of ferry routes between Russia and Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany and Turkey.
If foreigners wish to drive their own vehicle into Russia, it is necessary to obtain from customs a temporary permit to drive in Russia, and to purchase Russian insurance - there are insurance offices at most crossing points. There is a road tax payable on entry to the country.
Russia - Climate and Weather
Russia's vast size means that many different climatic conditions prevail in different parts of the country, from continental in the south to arctic and sub-arctic in the north and east. Depending on location, winters range from cool to extremely cold, and summers from cool to very warm.
Siberia in the north has the coldest winter climate, while the southern European parts of the country are generally warm and humid. However, even in Siberia summers are quite warm and pleasant.
In the west, the cities of Moscow and St Petersburg have average summer temperatures between May and September of around 24 degrees C (75 degrees F), occasionally much hotter. There is high rainfall in summer, and violent thunderstorms are common.
Winters in these cities is harsh, with solid ice on the ground for much of the time between November and March and temperatures typically around -10 degrees C (14 degrees F) for much of the season, sometimes considerably colder. There are no distinct spring and autumn seasons, although what might be called 'Spring' is marked by the mud and slush of the thawing ice.
St Petersburg, further north than Moscow, experiences 24-hour daylight in summer.
Many expatriates living in Russia report that the worst thing about the winter climate is not the severe cold but the lack of sunshine and the long dark nights.
Siberia in the north has the coldest winter climate, while the southern European parts of the country are generally warm and humid. However, even in Siberia summers are quite warm and pleasant.
In the west, the cities of Moscow and St Petersburg have average summer temperatures between May and September of around 24 degrees C (75 degrees F), occasionally much hotter. There is high rainfall in summer, and violent thunderstorms are common.
Winters in these cities is harsh, with solid ice on the ground for much of the time between November and March and temperatures typically around -10 degrees C (14 degrees F) for much of the season, sometimes considerably colder. There are no distinct spring and autumn seasons, although what might be called 'Spring' is marked by the mud and slush of the thawing ice.
St Petersburg, further north than Moscow, experiences 24-hour daylight in summer.
Many expatriates living in Russia report that the worst thing about the winter climate is not the severe cold but the lack of sunshine and the long dark nights.
Russia - Overview
Capital: Moscow
Population: 142,893,540 (July 2006 est.)
Languages: Russian, many minority languages
Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule
Currency: Russian ruble (RUR)
Timezone: 11 time zones from GMT+2 to GMT+12
The largest country in the world, Russia occupies a vast landmass in Northern Europe and Asia and has borders with 16 other countries. It is twice the size of the USA and covers 10 different timezones. Due to its vast size, Russia has many different climatic regions, from sub-arctic conditions in Siberia to a temperate, continental climate in the south.
European Russia and Asian Russia are divided by the Ural Mountains and the Ural River. Much of the landscape is flat, with the exception of the Urals and few other mountain ranges in the east and south. West of the Urals the landscape consists of a broad plain with rolling hills. To the east, the immense, largely inhospitable land of Siberia accounts for much of Asian Russia. Russia has more than 90 cities with over 200,000 inhabitants, and 13 cities with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, the largest being Moscow and St Petersburg.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a new political order has been established in Russia and economic growth is now steady, following a downturn in the early 1990s. Russia has capitalized on its vast natural resources, especially oil and gas, and by 2000 was the world's largest non-OPEC oil exporting country. The service sector, including banking, insurance and property-related services, has also expanded rapidly and now accounts for over half of Russia's economic output.
However, the challenges facing the government have been enormous, and many economic, social and political problems remain. Rapid economic growth has led to a concentration of power and wealth in the hands of a small minority, while it is estimated that around 25% of the population live below the poverty line. There is a massive informal economy that reportedly employs around 40% of the Russian population, and organized as well as petty crime is rampant. The taxation and legal systems are not properly functional, leading to much abuse. The ancient infrastructure in many areas of the country remains poor, and the administrative machinery is reportedly slow and inefficient. There is also an ongoing threat to security and political stability from the Chechnyan separatists, who frequently resort to terrorism.
Although Russia is now formally a democracy, the government has been widely criticized for being non-democratic in its policies, including control of the media, and for its methods of warfare against the Chechnyan separatists, carried out in the name of the fight against international terrorism.
Despite its ongoing problems, Russia has made major progress since its formation in 1991, and one of the factors helping to drive this has been the influx of western businesses into the country, including international oil companies and a large number of American commercial companies. As a result, there are now significant numbers of expatriates living and working in Russia, especially in Moscow and St Petersburg.
The views of expatriates on life in Russia vary enormously. In a recent survey, Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk were all put in the bottom half of the ranking of 257 cities worldwide for expatriate living, due to factors such as high pollution, a high crime rate and the harsh climate. Of these, Moscow was rated as most desirable due to its larger expatriate community, wider availability of goods and services, better recreation facilities, and higher number of international schools (ECA International, 2006). However, many individual expatriates are positive about their experiences of living in Russia, and report feeling safer there than in other countries, even with the threat of Chechnyan terrorism and the reported high levels of street crime.
Levels of security are high, and many expatriates live in safe, gated compounds. Expats are more likely to complain about the inefficient bureaucracy and non-existent customer service than to express concern about risks to their personal security.
Population: 142,893,540 (July 2006 est.)
Languages: Russian, many minority languages
Religions: Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.) note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule
Currency: Russian ruble (RUR)
Timezone: 11 time zones from GMT+2 to GMT+12
The largest country in the world, Russia occupies a vast landmass in Northern Europe and Asia and has borders with 16 other countries. It is twice the size of the USA and covers 10 different timezones. Due to its vast size, Russia has many different climatic regions, from sub-arctic conditions in Siberia to a temperate, continental climate in the south.
European Russia and Asian Russia are divided by the Ural Mountains and the Ural River. Much of the landscape is flat, with the exception of the Urals and few other mountain ranges in the east and south. West of the Urals the landscape consists of a broad plain with rolling hills. To the east, the immense, largely inhospitable land of Siberia accounts for much of Asian Russia. Russia has more than 90 cities with over 200,000 inhabitants, and 13 cities with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, the largest being Moscow and St Petersburg.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, a new political order has been established in Russia and economic growth is now steady, following a downturn in the early 1990s. Russia has capitalized on its vast natural resources, especially oil and gas, and by 2000 was the world's largest non-OPEC oil exporting country. The service sector, including banking, insurance and property-related services, has also expanded rapidly and now accounts for over half of Russia's economic output.
However, the challenges facing the government have been enormous, and many economic, social and political problems remain. Rapid economic growth has led to a concentration of power and wealth in the hands of a small minority, while it is estimated that around 25% of the population live below the poverty line. There is a massive informal economy that reportedly employs around 40% of the Russian population, and organized as well as petty crime is rampant. The taxation and legal systems are not properly functional, leading to much abuse. The ancient infrastructure in many areas of the country remains poor, and the administrative machinery is reportedly slow and inefficient. There is also an ongoing threat to security and political stability from the Chechnyan separatists, who frequently resort to terrorism.
Although Russia is now formally a democracy, the government has been widely criticized for being non-democratic in its policies, including control of the media, and for its methods of warfare against the Chechnyan separatists, carried out in the name of the fight against international terrorism.
Despite its ongoing problems, Russia has made major progress since its formation in 1991, and one of the factors helping to drive this has been the influx of western businesses into the country, including international oil companies and a large number of American commercial companies. As a result, there are now significant numbers of expatriates living and working in Russia, especially in Moscow and St Petersburg.
The views of expatriates on life in Russia vary enormously. In a recent survey, Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk were all put in the bottom half of the ranking of 257 cities worldwide for expatriate living, due to factors such as high pollution, a high crime rate and the harsh climate. Of these, Moscow was rated as most desirable due to its larger expatriate community, wider availability of goods and services, better recreation facilities, and higher number of international schools (ECA International, 2006). However, many individual expatriates are positive about their experiences of living in Russia, and report feeling safer there than in other countries, even with the threat of Chechnyan terrorism and the reported high levels of street crime.
Levels of security are high, and many expatriates live in safe, gated compounds. Expats are more likely to complain about the inefficient bureaucracy and non-existent customer service than to express concern about risks to their personal security.
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